Sigmar Polke Biography
Sigmar Polke (1941–2010) was born in Oels, then part of Germany and now in Poland — a region his family was forced to leave at the end of the Second World War. They fled first to East Germany before escaping to the West in 1953, a childhood displacement Polke later described as shaped entirely by the war's aftermath. That early experience of borders, surveillance, and forced movement would resurface decades later in artworks like his Watchtower series, which drew an uncomfortable line between Nazi concentration camp architecture and Cold War border security.
Sigmar Polke co-founded Capitalist Realism in 1963, alongside Gerhard Richter and Konrad Lueg — a term coined half as satire, splicing the state-mandated optimism of Socialist Realism with the consumer imagery of American Pop Art. Where Warhol and Lichtenstein used the mechanical raster dot of commercial printing to idealise mass production, Polke did the opposite: he painted enlarged, imperfect raster dots by hand, reintroducing exactly the human error and instability that industrial printing was designed to eliminate.
Sigmar Polke's experimentation turned genuinely hazardous by the early 1980s, following travels through Australia and Southeast Asia. He began working with arsenic-based pigments, uranium, meteor dust, and dye extracted from boiled snails — materials chosen for their instability, their tendency to shift colour with temperature, humidity, or simply time. "Poison just crept into my pictures," he later said of the period. His 1969 artwork Higher Beings Commanded: Paint the Upper Right Corner Black! — a single black triangle beneath a typed claim of divine instruction — distilled his sense of humour into a single deadpan gesture, mocking the overheated spiritual rhetoric that had come to surround abstract painting.
Sigmar Polke won the Golden Lion at the 1986 Venice Biennale for his presentation in the West German pavilion, and remained a central, restlessly inventive figure in German art until his death in Cologne in 2010. The 2014 retrospective Alibis: Sigmar Polke 1963–2010, co-organised by MoMA and Tate Modern, gathered over 300 artworks and confirmed the scale of an output that had, by then, touched nearly every material a painting could hold.